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Future of Collective Bargaining and Atypical Work in the Media, Arts and Entertainment Sector

This blog is an initiative of the trade union federations in the Media, Arts and Entertainment sector, who are the European social partners representing workers in the sector across Europe and beyond. It is a sector where “atypical workers” are a significant part of the picture in the labour market. Production and project-based working, as well as the wide range and diversity of workers involved in a given project, mean that multiple, short-term contracts and a variety of employment statuses are a common aspect of working in the sector. The concept of “atypical workers” includes workers who are not hired in a conventional way with a labour law contract, but under civil or commercial law, as well as those working on short-term and part-time contractual arrangements, whether an employment or service-provision contract. Depending on the national context, this includes different types of workers, such as self-employed own-account workers (without employees), workers hired under authors’ contracts, etc. These workers remain a vital part of the workforce in the sector and are highly flexible and highly skilled. Yet too often they remain vulnerable and inadequately covered by the protections offered to workers by labour law and conditions negotiated collectively. For trade unions they are a core, but sometimes hard to reach, group.  

Digital replicas at work: protecting performers in the age of AI cloning

November 28, 2025 -

For decades, performers and their unions have fought to secure recognition and protection for their creative work. Today, a new frontier of risks and opportunities is opening up for performers in the form of digital replicas. Digital replicas are computer-generated imitations of real people created with artificial intelligence systems or equivalent digital technologies.

What is a fair minimum rate? Views from AI & The Humans

August 29, 2023 -

Hurray! New possibilities have been created to make collective (minimum) rate agreements for solo self-employed persons. We have read interesting legal perspectives in the other (highly readable!) contributions to this blog, concerning, for instance, their knock-on effects or wider relevance. It is now also time for some practical guidance for those who are starting their work with the new tools in the toolbox.

Monopoly power harms labour – competition authorities must learn to protect the vulnerable

July 5, 2023 -

Atypical work such as self-employment, part-time or seasonal work is a frequent feature in the media, arts and entertainment industry. This is also the case in many other sectors. Of course, being highly adaptable may have to come with the job. But there is also a fine line between looking for flexibility and enforcing precarity. Flexibility is a sought-after soft skill. Precarity is a consequence of workers having to accept any working condition in order to get a job.

European Union This project and publication have received the support of the European Union. The publication reflects the views of the authors only and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use of the information contained therein.